An examination of the military service status of the diaspora populations in Egypt, Greece, Armenia, Finland, and Turkey
Abstract
Nowadays, diaspora populations (citizens living abroad) are considered one of the important assets of nations. Engaging with them can contribute to the dissemination and promotion of a country’s culture and civilization on the one hand, and to the expansion of various cultural and economic ties with host countries on the other. For this reason, many governments seek to interact with their diaspora communities. One such method is through offering military service exemptions. In some countries, for instance, these individuals can be exempted from conscription by paying a certain fee. Given Iran’s sizable diaspora, examining the experiences of other countries regarding military service policies for their citizens living abroad could provide useful insights and policy options for Iran.
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A study of the military service status of citizens residing abroad in selected countries
1.Egypt
In August 2023, Egypt launched a program allowing diaspora males aged 19–30 to settle their mandatory military service by paying $5,000 or €5,000. The initiative aims to generate foreign currency amid economic hardship, but has faced criticism for favoring wealthier Egyptians abroad.
2.Greece
Greek men aged 19–45 are subject to mandatory military service, but those residing abroad may defer service and are exempt at age 45. Exemptions apply to individuals who have lived abroad continuously (7 years in one country or 11 years across multiple). During eligibility years, they may stay in Greece up to 6 months per year. Permanent residents of certain countries (e.g., Armenia, Russia, Turkey) are also exempt when visiting Greece.
3. Armenia
In Armenia, military service is mandatory for men aged 18–27, lasting two years. Dual citizens who served abroad for at least 12 months before acquiring Armenian citizenship are exempt. Exemptions may also apply due to family, education, or health factors. In 2014, a law was introduced requiring students abroad to pay a deposit of $20,000, refundable upon return, to ensure their return to Armenia. Critics argue the law disproportionately benefits wealthier individuals.
4. Finland
Finnish men aged 18 and above, even those living abroad, are subject to military service. Dual citizens are not obligated unless they choose to serve. They receive conscription notices and enjoy the same benefits as Finnish citizens during service, including travel insurance to Finland. Dual citizens can be exempt under certain conditions, such as residing abroad for 7 years, proving strong ties to another country, having completed military service in another country, or holding citizenship in other Nordic countries.
5. Turkey
Men aged 18–41 in Turkey must complete military service. The duration varies: 12 months for those without a university degree and 6–12 months for graduates. Citizens living or working abroad for at least 3 years can avoid service by paying €6,000 or its equivalent.
Proposal for Iran Based on the Experiences of Studied Countries
The study of military conscription systems in various countries shows that none of the countries offer full exemptions or mandatory service for citizens living abroad or those with dual nationality. However, under specific conditions, exemptions are granted. The conditions vary, with some countries offering easier terms than others. A potential solution for Iran could be to create a non-military service framework, such as administrative, consular, or research roles for citizens abroad. This would allow diaspora members to contribute their skills to the country while also addressing the issue of military service.
This study was conducted at Iranians institute by Mohammadmehdi Dehdar on the commission of the Islamic Culture and Communications Organization in 2023.
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