Tannaz Karimi

The Islamabad Memorandum is best described as a hybrid framework positioned between a political interim arrangement and a legally binding international agreement, functioning primarily as a crisis-management mechanism aimed at stabilizing tensions rather than conclusively resolving disputes. Security and Sovereignty: Ambiguity in International Law in The Islamabad Memorandum The framework reflects general principles of the

The Western Bloc Explained The “West” or “Global North” is often described as a U.S.-led political, military, economic, and technological alliance rather than just a cultural group. It includes the United States, Canada, most of Europe, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and close security partners. Why Does the Western Bloc Act Collectively? These countries are connected

Iran and Pakistan have strong potential to expand bilateral trade thanks to their shared border, cultural ties, and complementary economies. However, sanctions, weak trade coordination, inadequate border infrastructure, and logistics challenges continue to limit trade growth. Enhancing connectivity and regional cooperation is essential to unlocking the full potential of Iran–Pakistan economic relations. Iran–Pakistan Trade Relations